TEHRAN, Iran: People of Iran are preparing to celebrate the Ghadir Holiday Wednesday, the most important religious holiday in the Iranian calendar.

Ghadir literally means small lake or pond (Ref. Al-Munjid). It is the name of a place that comes on the way from Mecca to Medina. It is 3 miles further than Johfa towards Medina. There existed a small pond at this place.

Though geographically it exists on the way to Medina but this place acted as an exit point for all the people going out from Mecca for all the other places.

When the Holy Messenger (S.A.W.) halted at this place after his last pilgrimage to make his all-significant announcement it was extremely hot at that time and it was close to mid-day.

It was a wayside tract of barren land. There was no shelter present over there at that time. In fact there existed merely small minor patches of shades provided by a few acacia trees.

Date:

The date is 18th Zilhajjah of the year 10 A.H. (10 March 632 CE), The Holy Messenger's last pirgrimage.

Event Backdrop:

The Holy Messenger (S.A.W.) asked his companions to call the Muslims in general to attend for a pilgrimage to the Holy Kaaba.

The Holy Messenger (S.A.W.) specified that he himself would also be there to attend for the pilgrimage and teach the Muslims the rituals of the pilgrimage and convey his significant messages directly to all.

The call for the pilgrimage was made. On his way to Mecca more than 70,000 Muslims joined him.

By the fourth of Zilhajjah more than 100,000 Muslims had collected for the Haj with the Holy Messenger (S.A.W.).

After the Last pilgrimage:

After completing the last pilgrimage the Holy Messenger (S.A.W.) along with the Muslims set out of Mecca.

On their way back the Muslims reached a place called Ghadir-e-khumm. The following verse was revealed to the Holy Messenger (S.A.W.):

"O, Messenger! Deliver what has been sent down to you from your Lord; and if you don't do it, you have not delivered His message (at all); and Allah will protect you from the people ..." (Quran 5:67)

Delivery of the sermon:

On receiving the above verse, the Holy Messenger stopped at that very place called Ghadir-e-khumm. He ordered his companions to call back those of the Muslims who had gone ahead. He waited for those Muslims who had remained behind to join them.

He ordered Salman (A.R.) to prepare for a pulpit with the help of rocks and camel toolings.

It was prime noontime and Muslims had tied their heads and legs on account of the heat.

Muslims had started to sit near the temporary pulpit. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was at this place for about 5 hours.

He recited nearly 100 verses of the Holy Quran most of which were in praise of Ali (A.S.). Seventy three times he reminded the Muslims about their deeds and future.

The following is the full speech of the Holy Messenger (S.A.W) narrated by thousands of scholars:

Last Sermon/Khotbah of the Messenger, The Ghadir Sermon.

Part 1

Praising Allah and Regarding Him Pure

Praise belongs to Allah Who is exalted above in His oneness, and is near (to His creations) in His Loneliness and uniqueness, and is sublime in His Authority and Lordship, and great in His Arkan.

His knowledge encompasses everything; He subdues all creations through His Power and Proof.

He has always been praiseworthy and shall always be praised; [He is glorified Whose glory has no end. He originates and returns (creations), and to Him all affairs and Amrs are returned.]* He is the Maker of what has been elevated, the Expander of what h as been spread out (the Earth); and the Dominator of Lands and the heavens.

He is Sobbooh and Qoddoos, Holy and Glorified above all glorifications and purifications, the Lord of angels and the Spirit.

He grants to all that he originated; He sees all eyes, and eyes do not see Him.

He is bounteous, forbearing and patient.

He made His mercy encompass everything, (1) and He favored them by His grace.

He does not hasten His revenge, nor does He take the initiative on what (He knows) they deserve of His punishment.

He comprehends the secrets, and knows what the hearts and consciences conceal. Hidden things are not concealed from Him, nor the hidden seem to Him otherwise.

He encompasses and dominates everything, and has strength and power over everything.

Nothings is like Him,(2) while He (Himself) is the establisher of thing when it was nothing.

He is everlasting living, [free of need and independent]*, who acts justly; there is no god but He, the mighty, the wise.(3)

He is exalted beyond being grasped by visions, while He grasps all visions, and He is all-kind, all-aware.(4)

None can reach His description by seeing Him, nor can any one find out how He is, from any secrets or open, unless what Allah, the mighty and the majestic, Himself has guided to.

I testify that He is Allah, Whose holiness overspreads all ages, Whose light overwhelms eternity, Who enforces His command without consulting an advisor; there is no partner with Him in (His) planning, nor is there any discrepancy in management.

He shaped whatever He originated without a preexisting model, and created whatever He created without getting assistance from anyone, or burdening Himself; He originated it thus it came into being, and He formed it (in His intention), thus it became dist inct.

So, He is Allah, the One that there is no god but He, Who is proficient in skill, and beautiful in action.

He is the just Who never oppresses, and the most generous to Whom all affairs and Amrs are referred and returned.(5)

I further testify that He is Allah that before His magnificence everything is humble, before His might everything is submissive, before His power, everything surrenders, and before His grandeur, everything yields.

He is the king of all domains, the turner of the heavenly bodies in their orbits, the dominator of the Sun and the Moon, each of which pursues its course to an appointed time.

He makes night overtake day, and day overtake night, (each one) seeking the other rapidly.

He is the destroyer of every stubborn tyrant, and the annihilator of every rebellious Satan.

Neither has there been any opposing power beside Him, nor any peer.

He is unique, independent and impenetrable.

He never begets nor is He begotten, and none can ever be a match for Him.(6)

He is the only God, the glorious Lord, who wills and thus carries out, Who intends, and thus decrees, Who knows, and thus takes into account.

He causes death and gives life. He impoverishes and enriches.(7) He causes smile and happiness, sadness and tears. (8) He denies and grants. For Him is sovereignty, so is praise. In His hand is all goodness, and He is all-powerful to do everything. (9)

He lets night enter the day and day enter night; here is no god but He, the mighty, the all-forgiving.

He is the responder to supplications, open-handed in granting, the enumerator of breaths, and the Lord of the Jinn-kind and humankind.

Neither does anything bring difficulty for Him, nor does the cry of those who appeal for help annoy Him, nor does the insistence of those who insist exhaust Him or force Him to assent.

He (is who) has protected righteous, and has given success to the prosperous.

He is the Mowla and guardian of the faithful, and the Lord of the worlds, Who deserves that all His creations thank Him and praise Him [in any situation, I praise Him and thank Him]* in joy and sorrow, and in hardship and comfort; I believe in Him , His angels, His Books and His Messengers; I listen to His command and obey Him, proceed towards whatever pleases Him, and submit to what He decrees, longing for His obedience and fearing His punishment, for, He is Allah, against Whose schemes, no one should feel secure, nor should anyone be in fear of injustice from Him.

Part Two.

Preparation for Delivering and Important Commandment from Allah

I confess before Him that submissiveness before Him (Oboodyyat) befits my soul, and I bear witness that Lordship befits Him.

I convey what He revealed to me, lest should I not do it, He may make lawful that a calamity befalls me; that which no one can turn away from me even if he has great schemes [and sincere friendship]*, there is no God but He.

He has informed me that if I do not convey what He has revealed to me [about Ali's right]*, then I have not conveyed His message at all.

Certainly, He, the most holy, the highest, has guaranteed for me protection [from the people]*, and He is Allah, Who is sufficient and bountiful.

Thus, He revealed to me: 'In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. O' Messenger! Deliver what has been sent down to you from your Lord 'regarding Ali Ibn Abi Talib and his leadership' and if you do not, you have not conveyed His message at all, and Allah shall protect you from people. (10)

O' people! I have never been neglectful of conveying what Allah, the exalted, sent down to me, and I shall now explain to you the reason behind the revelation of this verse.'

Verily, Gabriel came down to me three times and delivering me my Lord's Salaam, Who (Allah) is Salaam (peace and security), and His Order that I should stand in this scene and inform everyone, white and black: Ali Ibn Abi Talib is my brother, my deputy a nd my executor (Wasi), my successor (Caliph) [over my nation]*, and the leader (Imam) after me; whose position to me is like that of Aaron to Moses except that there shall be no messenger after me, and that he is your guardian (Waly) after Allah and His messenger.

Indeed, Allah, the most holy, the most high, had sent down to me a verse from His Book about this, saying: 'Only your Waly is Allah and His messenger and those of the Believers who perform the prayers and pay Zakaah while they Rokoo'. (11)

Ali Ibn Abi Talib [was the one who* performed prayer and paid Zakaah while bowing down in Rokoo'; he (Ali) keeps Allah in mind, the mighty and the majestic, in all situations.

I asked Gabriel to request Allah [Salaam]* to excuse me from conveying it to you:

O' people! Due to my knowledge on the fewness of the pious and the numerousness of the hypocrites and the corruption and the treachery of the sinful and the trickery of those who ridicule Islam, those whom Allah has described in His Book as: 'they say wi th their tongues what is not in their hearts,' (12) 'taking it lightly, while it is a grave matter in the view of Allah.'(13)

And due to their annoying me on many occasions, so much so that they called me 'ear', claiming I am so because of Ali's frequent attendance in my presence and my attention to him, until Allah, the mighty and the majestic, sent down in this regard: 'And o f them are some who annoy the Prophet and say: He is 'ear' (for accepting what he hears, particularly from Ali).

Say: One whom you call 'ear' is best for you; He believes in Allah, safeguards the believers, and is a mercy for those of you who believe. And for those who annoy the messenger of Allah, there shall be a painful torment.(14)

Had I wished to name those who have called me so, to point out towards them, or to indicate them with their indications, I would have done so; yet, by Allah, I have indeed dealt with their affairs magnanimously.

Nevertheless, Allah is not pleased with me until I convey what He has sent down to me [regarding the right of Ali]*.

Then, the Messenger (PBUH&HP) recited: O' Messenger! Deliver what has been sent down to you from your Lord 'with regard to Ali' and if you do not, you will not have conveyed His message at all, and Allah shall protect you from people. (15)

Part 3

Open Declaration of the Leadership after Himself

O' people! Know that Allah has assigned him (Ali) as a waly and a leader for you, whose obedience is obligatory for the Immigrants (Mohaajerin), the Helpers (Ansar), and for those who follow. And for everyone, whether nomad or city resident, Arab or non- Arab, free or slave, young or old, white or black, and for every monotheist.

His (Ali) decree is to be carried out, his sayings are authorized, and his command is effective.

Far from Allah's mercy is whoever opposes him, blessed with mercy is whoever follows him, faithful is whoever acknowledges him.

Indeed, Allah has covered him and those who listen to him and obey him with mercy and forgiveness.

O' people! This is the last stand I make in his gathering; thus, listen, obey and submit to the command of your Lord, for Allah, the mighty and the majestic, is your Mola and Master, then [His Messenger]*, Mohammad, who is now addressing you, is your wal y and master.

Then after me, Ali is your Waly and your Imam by the command of Allah, your Lord.

Then Imamat shall be in my progeny, from his offespring, until the Day you meet Allah and His Messenger.

Nothing is lawful (Halaal) except what Allah declared so, [as well as His Messenger, and them ]*, and nothing is unlawful (Haraam) except what Allah declared so, [as well as His Messenger, and them]*; Allah the mighty and the majestic, has informed me of the permissible (Halaal) and the forbidden (Haraam) things, and I have made known to him (Ali) what my Lord has taught me of His Book, the permissible, and the forbidden things.

O' people! There is no knowledge except that Allah has kept its account in me, and I have recorded the details of all the knowledge that I was taught, in the Imam of the pious, (Ali PBUH).

Certainly, there is no knowledge except that I have taught it to Ali, and he is the evident Imam (Mobin) [whom Allah mentions in the Surah Yaasin: '... And we have kept the detailed account of everything in a Mobin Imam]* (16) O' people! Do not stray fro m him, nor should you flee from him, nor should you refuse his guardianship (walayat) and his authority, for he is the one who guides to Truth and acts upon it, and crushes falsehood and proscribes it, and in the path of Allah the blame of blamers do not hold him back.

He is the first to believe in Allah and in His Messenger; and he is the one who offered his life as a sacrifice for the Messenger of Allah.

[I commanded him, on behalf of Allah, to sleep in my bed, and he did it to sacrifice himself for me.]* He was with the Messenger of Allah when no one among men worshiped Allah in the company of His Messenger other than him.

O' people! Prefer him (over all others), for Allah has indeed preferred him, and turn to him, for Allah has indeed appointed him.

O' people! He is an Imam authorized by Allah, and Allah shall never turn to anyone (in mercy) who denies his authority, nor shall He ever forgive him; this is a decisive decree by Allah that He shall do so to anyone who opposes His command about him, and shall torment him with the most painful torment, which lasts forever and ever.

Hence, beware lest you oppose him, and then, enter Fire whose fuel is people and stones, prepared for the disbelievers. (17)

O' people! By Allah, all early messengers have given the glad tiding of my advent.

I am the last (ending seal) of the prophets and the messengers, and the proof (Hojjat) of Allah over all the creatures, of the inhabitants of the heavens and the earths.

He who doubts this, is indeed a disbeliever, with the disbelief of the early era of ignorance.

And he who doubts anything of this which was said, has doubted all that has been revealed to me.

[And any one who doubts any of the Imams, has doubted them all]*, and anyone who doubts us, shall be in the Fire.

O' people! Allah, the mighty and the majestic, has bestowed this virtue upon me out of His kindness and His grace.

And there is no god but He. My praise is for Him forever and ever, and in all circumstances.

O people! Prefer Ali (over all others), for he is the best of the people, men or women, after me so long as Allah sends down His sustenance and (and so long as) the creation exists.

Away from Allah's mercy, and again away from Allah's mercy, under wrath and again under wrath, is he who rejects this saying of mine and does not agree with it.

Certainly, Gabriel has informed me of this from Allah, the most high, Who also said: 'Anyone who bears enmity against Ali and refuses his authority, for him shall be My La'n (he shall be away from Allah's Mercy).

Thus, every soul should look to what he has sent forth for the tomorrow.

Be watchful of (your duty towards) Allah lest you should oppose Him and (your) foot should slip after its stability. Verily, Allah is well-aware with (all) that you do. (18)

O' people! He (Ali) is 'the Janb of Allah'that is mentioned in Allah's Book.

He, exalted, says: 'Lest a soul should (then) say: Ah! Woe onto me that I abused and neglected (my duties towards) the Janb of Allah.' (19)

O' People! Reflect on the Qur'an and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear and firm (Mohkam) verses and do not follow its ambiguous (Motashaabeh) parts, for, swear by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its (Quran's) warnings and its mysteri es, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself, [and lifted his arm,]* the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his Mola and Master, this Ali is his Master and Mola; an d he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, my executor, whose appointment as (your) guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic.

O' people! [indeed, I am leaving amongst you two weighty and precious things that if you adhere to both, you will never go astray.]* Verily, Ali and the pure ones among my progeny are the lesser weight, and the Qur'an is the greater weight.

Each one [of the two]* informs about the other and agrees with it.

They shall never part until they return to me at the Pool (of Al-kawthar on the Day of Judgment).

Behold! They (the Ahl-Ol-Bait 'PBUT') are the trustees of Allah amongst His creation, and His people of wisdom on His earth.

Thereafter, Allah's Messenger (PBUH&HP) took the upper arm of Imam Ali (PBUH) by his hand, raised it, and said: [O' people! Who has more priority over you than yourselves? People said: Allah and His Messenger.

Then, he (PBUH&HP) said: Behold! Whosoever I am his Mola, this Ali is his Mola.

O' Allah! Stay firm in supporting those who stay firm in following him, be hostile to those who are hostile to him, help those who help him, and forsake those who forsake him.]*

O' people! This Ali is my brother , my executor (wasi), the container of my knowledge, my successor (Caliph) over my nation, and over the interpretation the Book of Allah, the mighty and the majestic, and the true inviter to.

He is the one who acts according to what pleases Him, fights His enemies, causes to adhere to His obedience, and advises against His disobedience.

Surely, He is the successor of the Messenger of Allah, the commander of the Believers, the guiding Imam, and the killer of the oath breakers (Naakethin) the transgressors (Qaasetin), and the apostates (Maareqin).

I speak by the authority of Allah. The word with me shall not be changed. (20)

I say with the command of Allah: O' Allah! Be the guardian of him who adheres to him. Be the enemy of him who bears enmity against him. La'n him who rejects him. Be wrathful towards him who denies his right. Indeed, I have now fulfilled. Indeed, I have n ow conveyed. Indeed, I have now made you hear. Indeed, I have now clarified. Indeed, Allah, the mighty and the majestic, so said, and so did I on His behalf.

Indeed, there is no other Amir-Ol-Mo'menin, and it is not permissible to call anyone other than him with the title of Amir-Ol-Mo'menin (the Commander of the Believers) after my departure.

Part 4

Announcing the Perfection of Religion Due to Ali's Appointment and Reminding the People of His Virtues.

O' Allah! Surely, You did send down [today,this verse regarding Ali, Your waly, Your authorized representative, when explaning his authority and his appointment:]*

'This day, I perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and was satisfied that Islam be your religion.'(21)

You said: ' If anyone seeks a religion other than Islam (submission), never shall it be accepted from him, and in the Hereafter, he shall be one of the losers.' (22)

O' Allah! I implore You to witness that I have conveyed.

O' people! Allah, the mighty and the majestic, has indeed perfected your religion through his (Ali's) Imamat and leadership.

Thus, whoever does not follow him and my children from his back (Solb), who will take his position until the Day of Judgment -when deeds are presented before Allah, the mighty and the majestic-; 'So, they are the ones whose deeds become vain and fruitles s, and they shall be in Hellfire forever.' (23)

'Their torment shall not be lightened, nor shall it be postponed.' (24)

O' people! This is Ali, who has been my greatest aid, the most rightful of you to me, the closest in relation with me, and the dearest to me amongst you. Both Allah, the mighty and the majestic, and I are pleased with him.

No verse [in the Qur'an]* has been sent down expressing (Allah's) pleasedness except that (in its absolute sense) it is about him (Ali), nor has Allah addressed with honor, those how believe but that He meant him first, nor has any verse of praise been r evealed in the Qur'an but that it is in his honor, nor did Allah testify Paradise in (the Surah starting with) 'has not passed over man a long period of time ...' (25)

But for him, nor did He reveal it for other than him, nor did He mean to praise, by it except him.

O' people! He is the helper of the religion of Allah, and the one who argues on behalf of the Messenger of Allah.

He is the pious, the pure, the guide, and the rightly guided.

Your Messenger is the best Messenger, the wasy (executor) over you, is the best executor and deputy, and his sons are the best deputies.

O' people! The progeny of every Messenger was from his own Solb whereas my progeny is from the Solb of Ali.

O' people! Surely, Iblis (the greatest Satan) caused Adam to be dismissed from the Garden through jealousy.

Thus, do not be jealous of him, for, your deeds shall be nullified and your feet shall slip.

Verily, Adam was sent down to earth only because of one mistake, while he was chosen by Allah, the mighty and the majestic.

How, then, will be your condition, and you are what you are, and among you, are the enemies of Allah?!

Indeed, none hates Ali but a wretched person, none keeps himself attached to Ali but a pious person, and none has faith in him (in his virtues) but a sincere Believer.

And in the honor of Ali, by Allah, was the Surah Asr revealed: 'In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Swear to Asr (era)! Most surely man is in loss, except those who believe, do righteous deeds, and enjoin on each other the truth, and e njoin on each other patience and constancy.' (26)

O' people! I have sought Allah to be my witness and have conveyed my mission to you, 'and the messenger is only obligated to convey clearly.' (27)

O' people! 'Be cautious of (your duties towards) Allah, the caution that He deserves, and do not die except in the state of submission.' (28)

Part 5

Referring to the Aims of the Hypocrites

O people! Believe in Allah and His Messenger and the light that was sent down with him (29), 'before we alter faces then turn them on their backs or La'n them as We La'ned the Sabbath breakers.' (30)

[By Allah, no one is intended by this later verse except a certain group of my companions whom I know by their names and their lineage, yet, I have been ordered to disregard them.]*

[So everyone should act based upon what they find in their hearts in regard to the love of Ali or the loathe of Ali.]*

O people! The light from Allah (created by Allah), the mighty and the majestic, has been placed in me, then in Ali, and then in his selected descendents up to Al-Qa_im al-Mahdi, who shall re-establish the right of Allah as well as all our rights.

Because Allah, the mighty and the majestic, has made us (His) chosen proofs against the neglectful, the stubborn, the dissenters, the treacherous, the sinful, the unjust, and the usurpers of all worlds.

O people! I warn you that I am the Messenger of Allah; surely, there have been messengers before me who have come and passed away.

Then, should I die or be killed, will you turn back on your heels?

And whoever turns back on his heels shall not harm Allah in the least, and Allah shall soon reward the grateful (31) [who observe patience.]*

Behold! Ali is surely the one described (in the afore mentioned) with patience and gratitude, so are after him my offspring from his Solb.

O people! Do not think that you are doing a favor to Allah by accepting Islam lest His wrath should descend upon you, and lest He should afflict you with His punishment; surely He is ever-watching. (32)

O people! There shall soon be leaders after me who shall invite (people) to the Fire, and on the Day of Judgment they shall not be helped. (33)

O people! Indeed, Allah and I both dissociate ourselves from them.

O people! They, their supporters, their followers, and their adherents shall be in the lowest depths of the Fire; and evil indeed, is the abode of the arrogant. (34)

Know that these are, indeed, the Companions of Sahifah (a documented covenant signed by those whom the Prophet dissociated himself from); so, let each one of you look into his own sahifah (of deeds)!

{Except for a small band who were the Companions of Sahifah, most of the people present at the Ghadir sermon, did not comprehend the issue of Sahifah.}

O people! I leave the authority after me through Imamate (leadership) inherited in my chosen offspring until the Day of Judgment.

Certainly, I just conveyed what I have been ordered to convey as Hojjah (Divine Proof)for everyone, be him present or absent, a direct witness or not, and born or not yet born.

Hence, everyone who is present should convey (this sermon) to those who are absent, every parent should convey it to his/her children, (and they should continue to do so) until the Day of Judgment.

But, (I have been informed that) some people shall replace this (divinely assigned leadership) with Kingdom through usurpation.

May Allah La'n the usurpers, and the transgressor-oppressors.

And then we will soon settle your affairs, O Thaqalaan. (35)

And (also), 'on you O the two (greatest enemies) shall be launched a flame of fire and (a flash of) molten brass, thus you shall never prevail.' (36)

O people! Without doubt, Allah, the mighty and the majestic, does not leave you in the state you are now, until He will separate the evil ones from the good ones.

Nor does He make you acquainted with (the knowledge of) the unseen. (37)

O people! There shall be no (wrongful) community but that Allah shall perish it due to the rejection (of Truth) by its people, [before the Day of Judgment].*

Such is what Allah the Exalted, mentioned (in His book) as to how He destroys the wrongful societies. (38)

This is your leader and your guardian, and these are Allah's promises.

Verily Allah fulfills His promise.

O people! Most of the early generations before you have strayed, and surely, Allah destroyed them.

He shall be the One who destroys the later generations too.

Allah, the exalted, states: 'Did We not destroy the former generations? So shall We follow the same for the later (generations). Such is how we treat the guilty. Woe on that Day to the rejecters (of Truth)' (39)

O people! Allah has commanded and prohibited me, and I commanded and prohibited Ali by the order of Allah. Hence, the knowledge of all commandments and prohibitions are with him (Ali).

Thus, listen to his orders so that you remain safe, obey him so that you are guided, and leave what he prohibits so that you grow in guidance.

Conform to what he wants, and do not let different paths separate you from his path. (40)


Notes:

These brackets indicate the additional statement of the other versions.

1. cf. Qur'an, Surah 40, verse 7
2. cf. Qur'an, Surah 42, verse 11
3. cf. Qur'an, Surah 3, verse 18
4. cf. Qur'an, Surah 6, verse 103
5. cf. Qur'an, Surah 57, verse 5
6. cf. Qur'an, Surah 112
7. cf. Qur'an, Surah 39, verse 52
8. cf. Qur'an, Surah 53, verse 43-44
9. cf. Qur'an, Surah 64, verse 1; and Surah 3, verse 26
10. Qur'an, Surah 5, verse 67
11. Qur'an, Surah 5, verse 55
12. Qur'an, Surah 48, verse 11
13. cf. Qur'an, Surah 24, verse 15
14. Qur'an, Surah 9, verse 61
15. Qur'an, Surah 5, verse 67
16. Qur'an, Surah 36, verse 12
17. cf. Qur'an, Surah 2, verse 24
18. cf. Qur'an, Surah 59, verse 18 and Surah 16, verse 94
19. Qur'an, Surah 39, vese 56
20. cf. Qur'an, Surah 50, verse 29
21. Qur'an, Surah 5, verse 3
22. Qur'an, Surah 3, verse 85
23. cf. Qur'an, Surah 2, verse 217
24. Qur'an, Surah 3, verse 88
25. cf. Qur'an, Surah 76, verse 7-22
26. Qur'an, Surah 103
27. Qur'an, Surah 24, verse 54
28. Qur'an, Surah 3, verse 102
29. cf . Qur'an, Surah 64, verse 8, and surah 7, verse 157
30. Qur'an, Surah 4, verse 47
31. cf. Qur'an, Surah 3, verse 144
32. cf. Qur'an, Surah 89, verse 14
33. cf. Qur'an, Surah 28, verse 41
34. cf. Qur'an, Surah 4, verse 145, and Qur'an, Surah 39, verse 72
35. Qur'an, Surah 55, verse 31
36. Qur'an, Surah 55, verse 35
37. cf. Qur'an, Surah 3, verse 179
38. cf. Qur'an, Surah 11, verse 102,...
39. Qur'an, Surah 77, verse 16-19
40. cf. Qur'an, Surah 6, verse 153